LOOKING AT THE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

â€Å" Corporate Administration is the system by which concern corporations are directed and controlled. The corporate administration construction specifies the distribution of rights and duties among different participants in the corporation, such as, the board, directors, stockholders and other stakeholders, and spells out regulations and processs for doing determinations on corporate personal businesss. By making this it besides provides the construction through which the company aims are set, and the agencies of achieving those aims and supervising public presentation. † â€Å" Corporate Administration can be described as a system of structuring, operating, and commanding a company with a position to accomplish long term strategic ends to fulfill stockholders, creditors, employees, clients, and providers with the legal and regulative demands, apart from run intoing environmental and local community demands. It leads to the edifice of a legal, commercial and institutional model. It besides demarcates the boundaries within which these maps are to be performed. †Need FOR CORPORATE GOVERNANCEAs we all know that in today ‘s scenario market forces are progressively replacing authorities controls, corporate administration is deriving prominence in a concern industry. Today corporate administration can be seen as a requirement for pulling financess from foreign establishments. Investors these yearss make certain that the company in which they are puting their principal is non merely decently managed but besides follow corporate administration. I t is regarded as a control mechanism that ensures the optimal usage of human, physical and fiscal resources for an endeavor. It addresses assorted issues faced by board of managers, top direction, proprietors, stakeholders and the society at big. Corporate administration patterns are a set of structural agreements that emerge in free market economic systems to aline the direction of companies with the involvement of their stockholders, stakeholders and the society at big. Corporate administration aims to turn to three basic issues: Ethical Issues Efficiency Issues Accountability Issues Ethical Issues as the name suggests relates to the job of moralss in concern. Corporations employ deceitful agencies to accomplish their goals.In order to exercise force per unit area on the authorities to explicate public policies the companies form trusts which frequently go against the involvement of the populace. Companies in order to derive trueness from clients may give payoffs or offer gifts to possible clients. Efficiency Issues are concerned with the public presentation of the direction. Management is responsible for guaranting sensible returns on investing made by stockholders. The issues associating to efficiency of direction is of involvement to the stockholders as their return on investing is at interest. Accountability Issues relate to the stockholders need for transparence of direction in the behavior of the concern. Features of corporate administration: Discipline Transparency Independence Accountability Duty Fairness Social ResponsibilityPRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE:Rights and just intervention of stockholders: Organizations should esteem the rights of stockholders and in bend encourage stockholders to exert their rights. They can assist stockholders exert their rights by efficaciously pass oning information which is in an apprehensible signifier to them and promoting stockholders to take part actively in general meetings. Interests of other stakeholders: Organizations should acknowledge that they have legal and other duties towards all legitimate stakeholders such as the creditors, providers, employees etc. Disclosure and transparence: Organizations should clear up and do publically known all the facts and findings so as to supply stockholders with a degree of answerability. They should besides implement policies and processs to verify and safeguard the unity of the company ‘s fiscal studies. Disclosure of material facts refering the organisation should be seasonably and balanced to guarantee that all investors have entree to unclutter, factual information. Functions and duties of board: The board needs a batch of accomplishments and understanding to be able to cover with assorted ethical issues. It needs to hold a degree of committedness to carry through its duties and responsibilities. There are issues about the appropriate mix of executive and non-executive managers within a company. Integrity and ethical behavior: Ethical and responsible determination devising is non merely of import for public dealingss, but it is besides an of import component in hazard direction. Organizations should raise a codification of behavior for their managers and top direction that promotes ethical and responsible determination devising at all degrees of the organisation. Many organisations have besides establishedA Compliance and Ethics ProgramsA to minimise the hazard that the house goes against the ethical and legal boundaries.Issues affecting corporate administration include:internal controls and internal audits regulations sing readying of the company ‘s fiscal statements dividendA policy the independency of the entity ‘s external hearers and the quality of their audits efficient usage of resources made available to managers in transporting out their duties direction of hazard reappraisal of the compensation for the main executive officer and other senior executives the procedure of nominations of persons for places on the boardCASES ON CORPORATE Administration:Corporate GOVERNANCE AT THE BODY SHOPIntroduction:Anita Roddick is the laminitis of The Body Shop. She is one of the celebrated personalities who is engaged in Ethical Consumerism. She is actively involved in runs for environmental and societal issues including the runs such as Greenpeace and the Big Issue ( 2007 ) , Hepatitis C. She is an enthusiastic individual who takes an initial duty to do a vision to go a success and is a positive mind and an first-class determination shaper. The Body Shop is a world-wide known British concatenation of cosmetics shops. It was taken over by Gallic Cosmetics group L'Oreal in 2006. The Body Shop is distinguished for selling its ain line of merchandises which are produced in an eco friendly mode and are non tested on animate beings. The Body Shop considers the construct of corporate administration as their competitory advantage. Anita Roddick who is the caput of the determination doing organic structure of the company creates a value system non merely in selling its merchandises but besides in keeping a important relationship with all its stakeholders. The company has established a decently structured model in order to cover with corporate affairs. It has established a proper structured plan which is reinforced by company policies and other processs for proper counsel of the managers in transporting out their day-to-day responsibilities. The company has a clear mention usher to its concern operations and corporate administrat ion. This includes the care of the criterions with regard to the corporate administration in the corporation ‘s different sectors. The Board of the company consists of 10 managers out of which two are executive while six are non executive due to which there is a just division of duties among them. The board is in charge of taking attention of the company ‘s operations, assets, and its stockholders with a position of maximising public presentation. The Board conducts a monthly reappraisal of the company ‘s concerns in relation to its fiscal motions in order to guarantee the house ‘s competent operations. The company jurisprudence obliges the board of managers to carefully fix each twelvemonth, a fiscal study that needs to be accurate and dependable reflecting the true province of the company. The Board of Directors are besides responsible for the proper guardianship of accounting statements and guarantee that these records are precise and true. It is besides vested with the duty of safeguarding the company ‘s other assets every bit good as doing the necessary stairss in order to forestall complications such as fraud and other types of hazards. Apart from the board there are other commissions which are formed which have a well-established mention usher which besides discusses their responsibilities and their range of authorization within the corporation. The wage commission handles the lineation for the company ‘s wage policy which would be reviewed by the board. Furthermore, this group is besides responsible for the assorted wage bundles that are offered to the executive managers. The audit commission makes proper recommendations with respects to the company ‘s accounting policies every bit good as supervising fiscal control within the corporation. The company besides has a clear codification of moralss and all employees must conform to this codification. The codification of moralss includes a struggle of involvement policy to guarantee that cardinal corporate determinations are taken by persons who do non hold a fiscal involvement in the result separate from their involvement as company functionaries. The comp any besides proctors conformity with the jurisprudence and the planetary fiscal policies and patterns in the country of internal controls, fiscal accounting and coverage, fiducial answerability and safeguarding of corporate assets.Effects OF PRACTICING CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AT THE BODY SHOPWith respect to the entrepreneurship patterns followed by Anita Roddick, the company has been able to accomplish complete control of all the affairs refering the company and its stakeholders. The ego doggedness and duty to the responsibilities by all the employees of the company and their obeisance to the company Torahs and ordinances all of which have contributed to the development of the corporation as a whole. The Board has changeless belief in the fact that that all the informations pertaining to the fiscal information and other facts sing their operations that are presently being practiced are dependable. The authorization of the Board is clearly recognized within the company because of which it is able to hold a solid clasp on the corporation ‘s existent operations, stakeholders and its fiscal concerns. The well defined construction of the organisation and the committedness of the board towards the stakeholders and the community has proved the fact that the organisation can manage both its ethical and legal duties expeditiously. The company maintains good dealingss and unfastened communications with its investors. The stockholders are on a regular basis invited by the company on a regular footing to discourse trade updates. Furthermore, in one-year general meetings investors besides get an chance to run into the Board members. Private investors can entree the company ‘s web site for assorted services. The company has a good consideration for all its stakeholders be it past, present, or hereafter. There seems to be a really good defined model in the house ‘s corporate division. It has policies and processs with respect to fiscal affairs and operational concerns. Its processs for measuring different sorts of state of affairss that come up is surely good defined. Furthermore, they have ever maintained good dealingss with their stakeholders. And eventually, The Board ‘s authorization has ever remained unexcelled. Clearly, the above mentioned points turn out the strength of the company ‘s corporate administration construction. The failing of this instance is the fact that one can non ever be assured that there are no losingss or other mistakes which may ensue from errors and incompatibilities by one of the commissions or employees involved. In add-on, due to the presence of diverse cultural beliefs there can be internal jobs between the members. There are times when the stockholder is non given adequate information about the position of the company, particularly if that stockholder which holds a little portion in the concern. This happens when the board of managers do non supply value to their stockholders. Other negative facet includes the restriction of fiscal coverage processs which may decidedly ensue in uneffective corporate governance.AEthical motive AT THE BODY SHOPMotto: â€Å" Nature ‘s manner to Beautiful † Body store has invariably sought out fantastic natural ingredients from all across its Earth and strives to protect this beautiful planet and the people who depend on it. The Body Shop believes that concern has the power to do the right sort of difference to the universe. This rule allows all clients round the Earth to go militants The first cosmetics company to beginning harvested palm oil and present the ingredient into the beauty industry, working in partnership with a certified organic manufacturer in Colombia, in 2007. In 2008 debut of 100 % PCR bottles ( post consumer recycled ) Community Trade plan creates sustainable merchandising relationships with deprived communities around the Earth and provides indispensable income to more than 25,000 people. The Body Shop continues to raise consciousness and support for adult females across the universe affected by domestic force in 2008. Launch of Stop Violence In The Home run runs in more than 55 states and has raised more than US $ 4 million. In 2008campaign to raise consciousness of HIV and AIDS among immature people, working with MTV Networks International was carried on. The Body Shop has committed to go Carbon Neutral by 2010, guaranting that C dioxide emanations from the company ‘s nucleus retail concern worldwide are reduced to a big extent. The Company is committed to merchandising ethically. The sourcing squad is trained in ethical audits and trade with providers who abide by the Code of Conduct for Suppliers.Corporate GOVERNANCE AT NESTLENestle is committed to the following Business Principles in assorted states it operates in, taking into history all the local statute laws predominating within that peculiar state, cultural and spiritual patterns: Nestle ‘s concern aims, and that of direction and employees at all degrees, is fabricating and marketing the Company ‘s merchandises in such a manner so as to make value that can be sustained over the long term for stockholders, employees, consumers, concern spouses and all the other stakeholders. Nestle does n't prefer short-run net income at the disbursal of successful long-run concern development, but recognizes the demand to make healthy net income every twelvemonth in order to keep the support of our stockholders, maintain them content, and the fiscal markets, and to finance investings. Nestle recognizes that its consumers have a sincere and legitimate involvement in the behaviour, beliefs and actions of the Company behind trade names in which they have their trust, and that without its consumers the Company would non hold come into being. Nestle believes that statute law is most effectual precaution of responsible behavior. Nestle is witting of the fact that the success of a company is a contemplation of the professionalism, behavior and the responsible attitude of its direction and the employees working in that company. Therefore, enlisting of the right people at the right clip and preparation and development are the critical factors in any company ‘s success. Nestle operates in assorted states and in many civilizations throughout the universe. The rich diverseness is a really valuable beginning for a company ‘s direction.National Legislations and International RecommendationsNestle emphasizes that its employees must stay by the Torahs applicable in the states in which it operates. Nestle ensures that the highest criterions of responsible behavior towards its client and the society are met throughout the organisation, by following with the Nestle Corporate Business Principles, which guides the Company ‘s activities and relationships worldwide in each sector of concern involvement. The company supports and widely advocates the United Nations Global Compact and its 10 rules, an enterprise of the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Global Compact asks the companies to take up, support and enact, within their domain of influence, a set of nucleus values in the countries of human rights, the international labor criterions and the environment. The company besides recognizes the fact that increasing globalisation is taking to the development of more and more international recommendations. Although, as a regulation, these recommendations are addressed to authoritiess, they doubtless impact the concern patterns. Among others, Nestle has incorporated relevant International Labour Organization Conventions, and the International ( WHO ) Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes into its policies. Nestle endorses relevant committednesss and recommendations for voluntary self-regulation issued by competent companies in the same sector, provided they have been developed in full audience with the parties concerned. These include the International Chamber of Commerce ( ICC ) Business Charter for Sustainable Development. Besides, Nestle uses the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, approved in June 2000, as a mention point for its Corporate Business Principles.Corporate GOVERNANCE FAILURESWORLDCOM BANKRUPCYWorldCom the universe ‘s 2nd largest telecommunication company had filed for bankruptcy in the twelvemonth 2002 in Manhattan after the revelation of monolithic accounting abnormalities. The divergences from corporate behavior happened because of the Board of managers who failed to acknowledge, and to cover efficaciously with, maltreatments reflecting what was identified as a â€Å" civilization of greed † within the corporation ‘s top direction. Others resulted from a failure of responsible individuals within the company to carry through their fiducial duties to stockholders. Another lending factor was a deficiency of transparence between senior direction and the Company ‘s Board of Directors. There was a complete dislocation of corporate administration. The cheques and balances intended to forestall error and abnormalities failed to run. The cheques did n't balance and the balances did n't fit. The existent fraud which took topographic point in WorldCom consisted of a figure of â€Å" topside accommodations † to accounting entries to shore up up worsening net incomes. Largely these comprised of improper drawdowns of militias accumulated from its acquisition plan and other beginnings and improper capitalisation of costs which should hold been expensed for. While WorldCom has non completed the restatement of its financials, the company overstated its income by about $ 11 billion, overstated its balance sheet by about $ 75 billion and, as a consequence, caused losingss in the stockholder value of every bit much as $ 250 billion, a important sum of which affected the employee retirement financess. During the 1990s, favourable market positions of WorldCom was sustained by a series of acquisitions. The company was in an almost-constant acquisition during this period. This generated great force per unit area to maintain the stock monetary values high in order to fuel the acquisition fling and to supply moneymaking cash-outs for executive stock options. To make this, the company had to run into Wall Street ‘s net incomes outlooks, but when, in 2000, a proposed amalgamation with Sprint was disapproved by the authorities and the telecommunications roar came to an terminal, WorldCom net incomes began to steal. Management foremost sought to use its aggressive accounting techniques to better its gnawing fiscal image. But when these were exhausted, the direction resorted to false entries to bring forth what could portray as echt net incomes and enable them to do the Numberss and sustain the image of a company go oning to run into Wall Street ‘s net incomes marks. As a conseq uence, during the last 13 quarters prior to bankruptcy, the Company systematically reported that it met those marks, but the fact was it missed them in 11 out of 13 of those quarters and, in the last four quarters, really should hold reported losingss. The balloon eventually collapsed in 2002 when internal hearers eventually fingered significant impropernesss and the top functionaries were fired or resigned, net incomes were restated, SEC and condemnable probes had been initiated which resulted in bankruptcy. The company ‘s attack to trades was wholly adhoc and with small meaningful or consistent strategic planning. The board used to O.K. billion dollar trades with no treatment or really less treatments. WorldCom direction or the Board of Directors ne'er even bothered to supervise the Company ‘s debt degree and its ability to fulfill its outstanding duties. WorldCom ‘s issue of more than $ 25 billion in debt securities in the four old ages predating its bankruptcy was clearly facilitated by its immense accounting fraud which allowed it to falsely stand for itself as creditworthy. The Board once more passively used to acquire the proposals approved through consentaneous consent declarations which were adopted with really small or no treatment. The compensation commission of the Board agreed to supply tremendous loans and a separate guarantee for Mr. Ebbers ( manager ) without ab initio informing the full Board or taking appropriate stairss to protect the Company. The Board was besides considered at mistake for non raising any inquiries about the loans following, without meaningful consideration, the recommendations of the compensation commission. Another ground was the absence of internal controls as a cause of this fiasco was the deficiency of transparence between senior direction and the Board of Directors at WorldCom. A civilization and internal procedures that discourage or forbid scrutiny and comprehensive inquiring are engendering evidences for deceitful misbehaviors. In conformity with the accounting abnormalities, these defects created the semblance that WorldCom was far more healthy and successful than it really was. The audit commission of the Board failed to invent a work program with the internal hearers and the outside comptrollers. The internal audit operation within the company was intentionally diverted off from scrutinizing duties and forced to concentrate upon increased efficiencies and cost film editing alternatively of internal policy framing. Furthermore, it was short-handed, underpaid and under-qualified for transporting out a responsible internal audit map. The company unsuitably styled some $ 20 billion deserving duties by its subordinates to itself as alleged â€Å" royalties † for what WorldCom designated as â€Å" direction foresight † that is, the subordinates were supposed to hold the advantage of WorldCom ‘s â€Å" direction foresight † for which they would pay a fine-looking fee. These â€Å" royalty † sums were accounted in a manner that drastically reduced the nonexempt income of certain WorldCom subordinates for province revenue enhancement intents. However, these sums, while they were accrued, were ne'er really paid to WorldCom.Reasons for prostration:Non conformity to Serbanes-Oxley Act Board lacked sufficient information to carry through its duties. WorldCom ‘s civilization was non by and large supportive of a strong legal map which prevented advocate from run intoing their duties to their corporate clients. Improperly aggressive accounting schemes were proposed by direction. With its ain overambitious schemes and flawed accounting, WorldCom besides fell victim to a oversupply of telecommunications capacity. Cheap and plentiful funding allowed companies quickly to construct transcontinental and transoceanic fibre ocular webs in the 1990 ‘s. The extra capacity resulted in lower monetary values for WorldCom ‘s services, which include phone service and the transmittal of Internet informations for immense companies. The filing for bankruptcy would alleviate WorldCom of approximately $ 2 billion of involvement payments in the coming following twelvemonth. Lower debt costs allowed WorldCom to vie on a stronger bridgehead with its challengers, affecting a likely price-cutting policy refering about the wider strength of the telecommunications industry. In April 2004, WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy and changed its name to MCI, which it acquired in 1998. Ironically, holding shed $ 36 billion in debt, WorldCom emerged from bankruptcy with a improved balance sheet than most of its rivals. It besides wound up with a corporate name respected for its radical attempts in telecom.A Corporate GOVERNANCE FAILURE AT ENRON On December 2, 2001 Enron, the so 7th largest corporation in US had filed for bankruptcy. It resulted in one million millions of dollars being lost, 1000s of people losing their occupations, and a big sum of employee ‘s retirement nest eggs had been wiped out. Billions of U.S. dollars had been concealed in the balance sheet of the company which had overstated its income by $ 600 million. The public presentation inducements created a clime where employees were required to bring forth net income at the disbursal of the company ‘s declared criterions of moralss and strategic ends. Enron had all the constructions and mechanisms for working towards good corporate administration. In add-on, it had besides framed a policy for corporate societal duty and a sensible codification of behavior on security, human rights, societal investing and public battle. Yet the job occurred as no 1 followed the codification. Impact on the Company ‘s Finance: Decreasing investor assurance ( negative ) Retreat to simpleness & A ; easy to understand theoretical accounts ( positive and negative ) . Increased call for corporate transparence ( positive ) . Review of hearer and adviser relationships ( positive and negative ) . Tax return to financial conservativism and patterns ( positive and negative ) Name for increased ordinance and examination ( positive and negative ) . Political radioactive dust on all degrees ( negative ) . The Board was found to hold failed in its responsibilities in the undermentioned countries: Fiduciary failure Bad accounting Inappropriate struggles of involvement Extensive undisclosed off the books activities Excessive compensation to the managers Lack of independency The job started off when the board of managers allowed the direction openly to go against the codification, peculiarly when it allowed the CFO to function in the particular purpose entities ( SPEs ) and besides the audit commission suspected false accounting patterns but still it made no effort to analyze the SPE minutess. So the hearers failed to forestall questionable accounting. Failure of Enron resulted as a consequence of a struggle of involvements that occurred the directors to move at the disbursal of the stockholders. Internal control steps besides failed to work. The action taken by Enron made a false visual aspect by misdirecting the market by demoing greater creditworthiness and fiscal stableness. Even after Enron ‘s failure the market for barters and derived functions worked without any breaks and worked as expected. The market did what it was expected to make i.e. to utilize repute as a agency for supervising market participants. Hearers failed because of non keeping their unity and independency in their working. The hearers commission had to proactively map and supervise the determinations to guarantee that a realistic position is presented to the users of the fiscal statements of the company. Enron created partnerships with nominally independent companies, some of which were offshore. This was fundamentally done to befog debt exposure and allegedly to cover losingss at Enron ‘s entity. Enron ‘s board members were misinformed and mislead. The significant information about Enron ‘s programs and activities were hidden from the board. The board had nevertheless failed in its oversight responsibilities. High hazard accounting policies were being followed. The company was found to be in non conformity of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Enron ‘s multi-billion dollar, off-the-books activity was disclosed to the Enron Board members and received Board blessing as an expressed scheme to better Enron ‘s fiscal statements. In fact, Enron ‘s monolithic off the books activity could non hold taken topographic point without Board action to set up new particular purpose entities, issue preferred Enron portions, and pledge Enron stock as the collateral needed for the trades to travel frontward. In the terminal, the Board knowingly allowed Enron to travel at least $ 27 billion or about 50 per centum of its assets off balance sheet. Enron ‘s board failed in its fiducial responsibility to guarantee equal public revelation of its assets and liabilities. None of the board members objected to this corporate scheme. Enron provided its executives with unreasonable munificent compensation. Stock options were distributed to all the executives in big Numberss. It was argued that the company used to make this in order to pull and retain the good executives.

What is the role and purpose of the inspector in Priestley’s ‘An inspector calls’?

John Boynton Priestley was born within the city of Bradford on the 13th of September 1894. His childhood consisted of many major historical events, including the First World War in the period of 1914 – 1918, within this period he would have been 20, he served on the front line, and this life experience could have left Priestly with long-term mind like effects. Before the war his mother died, and collectively these two major events could have made him unstable or unsure of position within the world. You could describe his life as war, marriage and tragedy. Throughout his lifetime priestly wrote a number of novels, plays and other texts, mainly containing and expressing his own beliefs and experiences. As an individual he believed very much in capitalism and everybody living within there own success, benefiting from their own profits. Priestley was very left wing, whereas he disagrees with the right wing policies and prefers policies that are of a different extreme. This left wing attitude made up his main and general characteristic, which was that of someone expressing their views, his membership of the socialist party allowed him to do exactly this and share in other people's societal beliefs and views. This idea of Priestley's expression of beliefs, views, emotions and feelings of the world and society are shown clearly through the characters of Priestley's play â€Å"An inspector Calls†. Prior to the arrival of the inspector Mr. Birling appeared to be very confident in what he spoke, making his beliefs shown to his surrounding family. He made it clear that he was powerful and a strong believer of capitalism where oneself would benefit from all working efforts. From the opening scene Mr. Birling's characteristics started to be shown to the audience, he says, â€Å"I speak as a hard headed, practical man of business†, this shows that he considers himself of a high class and somewhat intelligent, however there is an understanding of his arrogance, self satisfaction and complacency. The idea of him being a man of business also suggests his obsession for money and power. Mr. Birling's confidence is shown in furtherance when he says, â€Å"the titanic-she sails next week forty-six thousand eight hundred tons- New York in five days and every luxury and unsinkable, absolutely unsinkable†. This to the audience shows irony as we know that the titanic went onto sink, however in context to the characteristic of Mr. Birling it becomes clear that he is a very confident and arrogant man. When the inspector arrives it is made clear that the family are tense, uneasy and uncomfortable with the arrival of an unexpected visitor. When the inspector asks any questions, very blunt and subdued responses are given. The family regard themselves as class which should receive no such suspicion of any crime or any police related incident. Mr. Birling believed that the inspector must be calling regarding his â€Å"Knighthood† or a warrant, however in actual fact there are questions to be answered, and this scenario shows the arrogance of Mr. Birling, alongside his self satisfaction and his complacency. The inspector at this time plays a vital role in the implementation of fear, worry and guilt. In furtherance Mr. Birling becomes victim to a thorough scrutiny by the visiting inspector. Before the inspector begins his questions Mr. Birling shares information which highlights his importance within the local community, His mellow minded approach to the scenario has no huge effect and instead suggests and expresses his personal characteristics to the audience. The way that Mr. Birling says, â€Å"I was an alderman for years and lord mayor two years ago and I'm still on the bench so I know the Brumley police officers pretty well†. This shows his eagerness to express his importance and destroy any of the inspector's suspicions or questions. As the questions carry on being delivered by the inspector, Mr. irling's level of impatience increases. He also shows an eagerness to complete the interview and carry on with the evening celebrations. At this stage of the play the inspector is staging a battle, where he has to bring Mr. Birling down to reality and try to extract information regarding the death of Eva Smith. As the inspector continues to reveal the horrific happenings, Mr. Birling continues to defend his position, expressing a query regarding the role in which he plays as a high class business man in connection to the death of an ‘unknown' person. Mr. Birling says, â€Å"Yes, yes. Horrible business but I don't understand why you should come here, inspector? † In relation to human nature in general it highlights people's arrogance, directly what is being shown through the character of Mr. Birling. It is made clear at this point that it was the idea of J. B. Priestley to express peoples characteristics and show them to the reading audience, probably intended to support the main theme of the play which is to extract information using certain techniques which are used in order to allow people to face their actions and relate it to guilt, making people realise the consequences of their actions. As more details become revealed by the inspector and as Mr. Birling realises that he has previously employed Eva Smith, tension starts to build, Mr. Birling begins to give very blunt, sharp and self centred, with the inspector interrupting with a very abrupt manner, suggesting that he wants answers and will not let Mr. Birling's attitudes and beliefs stand in the way. In relation to the real world, people often have to use appropriate manners and techniques to show that they are important and will not let anything slip away from the matter in hand, regardless of a person's attitudes and characteristics etc. Although Mr. Birling accepts that he has once employed Eva Smith, and in furtherance sacked her, due to a protest over the smallest increment of pay, which solely adds to and shows his arrogance, business man like ways and higher class ignorance. He stills shows denial, he says, â€Å"Oh – that's it, is it? Well we've got several hundred young women there, y'know, and they keep changing†. This clearly shows that Mr. Birling has no care for anybody other than himself and his family, this is also shown within the following quotation, he says, â€Å"A man has to make his own way – has to look after himself – and his family of course, when he has one†, Small details which are given off by Mr. Birling relate to a major or important and meaningful thing. Mr. Birling's actions and characteristics are very important towards the main theme of the play, as they separate truth from reality, just as many defensive people within today's society would also contemplate, it shows in general how people will withhold information for the sole purpose of preventing a leakage of information which could be potentially harmful lot themselves, there business or there social dealings. Within the context of ‘An Inspector Calls', Mr. Birling makes every possible attempt to prevent a scandal which would involve himself, he repeatedly says to the inspector, â€Å"I don't see where I come into this†. The use of the word ‘I' shows his belief in a society where oneself looks after themselves and there surrounding family only. Mr. Birling continues this self satisfied and self belief attitude as he continues to use words which refer to himself, this is recognised by the audience and the inspector who are now in realisation of his full characteristics. Mr. Birling is faced with the realisation of responsibility and how it is affected by small and simple actions which in context to the guilty party may appear harmless. The inspector says, â€Å"What happened to her then may have determined what happened to her afterwards, and what happened to her may of driven her to suicide†, this makes Mr. Birling think and realise fully what his actions could have caused, however instead of simple straight confession he replies to the inspector with the following comment, â€Å"oh – well put it like that, there's something in what you say, still I cant accept any responsibility. If we were all responsible for everything that happened to everybody we'd had anything to do with, it would be very awkward†. At this moment in time Mr. Birling demonstrates once again his strong and clear attitudes, however the inspector makes his first challenge, questioning his use of vocabulary, he asks more questions, forcing more related detail. The inspector starts to be shown as a strong character who is unwilling to take blunt and meaningless responses, however the inspector needs to be shown as strong, otherwise Mr. Birling would express no relevant detailed information, and instead only the bare minimum. Priestly made this idea significant by showing that so called superior high class citizens are not entitled to withhold and ignore information which links and directs to a plea of guilt. The Inspector asks very probing and searching questions, which have great significance, his role becomes much more exposed, the inspector as a character becomes someone who is confid ent, wise and possibly someone who is an advisor like person who is warning of a future event. He is seen as someone who can adapt to an individual to extract the highest quality of information. He acts as a catalyst, wanting to change something in the case of the Birling family, this is to turn their attitudes away from uncaring to somewhat sympathetic. The inspector says, â€Å"But after all it is better to ask for the earth than to take it†. This quote is significant because it shows a man of wisdom, and knowledge, but it also shows Priestley's perspective of life, showing that it is better to ask for something rather than just taking it. In relation to the general world it shows how people will just take something or do something without thinking of the consequences, this is exactly the point that the inspector is making when he makes this comment to Mr. Birling. Mr. Birling continues to show his arrogance as he begins once again to relate to his superiority and importance he says, â€Å"How do you get on with our chief constable, Colonel Roberts? † The way that he gives names is supposed to impress the inspector, and release himself from any further suspicions, even though at this stage he does realise that he has played a part in the death of Eva Smith. However it makes the inspector more eager to move on and away from the situation, leaving Mr. Birling beginning to realise his wrong doings which had consequences eventually leading to a death. Sheila enters and her interview begins. When she enters she appears totally oblivious to the presence of the inspector, although all is about to be changed as her true doings and actions are about to be exposed changing her high class status into a guilty, responsible and conscious citizen. Although Sheila is totally oblivious to the scenario and situation, she is eager to find out exactly what is going on, the complete opposite to her father, showing a difference in character. Sheila appears much more subtle and sympathetic, personally asking questions to entice more information. It becomes clear that the inspector will play up to Sheila's nature and play a different game, using different techniques. It appears at the outset that Sheila has driven herself into the situation and dragged herself in purely because of the many questions which she is posing. It appears that priestly wanted to make the play more interesting to the audience by introducing from the outset a mix of characters, creating conflict, opposition and contrast, however it is soon to be made clear that only from the outset the family are different, and in fact very similar within their ‘unintentional' actions. Gerald and Mr. Birling soon realise potentially what Sheila could be doing to the family, too much information can be never to good! Gerald intervenes with the following comment to the inspector, he says, â€Å"And I don't see that this inquiry gets you anywhere, inspector†. This shows Gerald's desperation to release Sheila from the scenario, and save the families from a public scandal. Gerald and Mr. Birling at this stage seem to have at least one thing in common, and this is the matter of business. Sheila starts to turn against her father, precisely what the inspector is trying to do, she says, â€Å"I think it was a mean thing to do†, this conflict starts to draw tension, totally obliterating the happy followings from the earlier evenings, Priestley's idea of creating conflict is the basis for the revealing of the truth, in relation to the general world it often takes a simple disagreement or argument for people to confront there guilt. Shelia has won the gold award for drawing attention to herself, asking many questions has eventually led her to be faced with the truth, the inspector appears to know more than he is letting on, and instead of showing it he allows the family to expose there corrupt ways themselves. Priestly made this idea of self exploitation significant because it shows how uncaring, unsympathetic people in general will expose themselves is correctly probed, in the case of the Birling family they are turned against each other, which makes them face to an extreme guilt and true reality. The inspector keeps the photograph to himself and only one family member at a time, refusing access to no one other than the interviewee. Could the photograph be someone different each time he shows it to somebody, the way that priestly keeps the audience guessing and allowing for them to draw there own conclusions on the situation is very cleverly done. Slightly coincidental but the inspector keeps the photograph very secret, just like the Birling family with there secret's, kept hidden from anyone other than themselves. The inspector has taken a very different approach to the interview with Sheila, this approach to Sheila is to extract information, however with the rest of the family members it is seen to be inappropriate and somewhat intrusive. With the continuation of the Inspectors questions and Sheila's subtle approach, she realises that she has some responsibility for the happenings of Eva Smith. She realises that the inspector had his suspicions and admits her responsibility, a total contrast to her fathers approach. As is shown in the following comment, she says, â€Å"I've told my father, he didn't seem to think it amounted to much – but I feel rotten†. It just shows there contrasting attitudes to life. Priestly made this idea of contrast significant because it shows how people on the outside can be very different, but inside can be very similar. As Sheila continues to expose her conduct, the audience starts to understand her character from a different angle, her innocent early impressions change as she tells of a story of jealousy. It becomes clear that Sheila was jealous of the girl, her looks and her position within the world. She says, â€Å"She was a very pretty girl†, this shows her jealousy of other glamorous threats within her society, she went onto to misuse her power, by using a threat to the manager, she says, â€Å"If you don't get rid of that girl, I'll never go near the place again†. This is significant because it shows how people's actions can be solely driven by jealousy and power, without thinking of the consequences, this is exactly the case of Sheila, the audiences perceptions of Sheila have suddenly changed, and as an audience we begin to understand that people shouldn't judge on first appearances as there is usually more to be told. The inspector says, â€Å"Well, we'll try to understand why it had to happen? And that's why I'm here, and why I'm not going until I know all that happened†, this quote is significant because it shows the inspectors determination to change the family, to extract and make them face reality and guilt, making them confess to all of there wrong doings, making them realise that actions have consequences. Sheila's interview takes less time than Mr. Birling's, possibly because of co-operative manner, showing a willingness to become involved and share all that she knows, accepting reasonability. Now that Sheila accepts what she has done, she casts her suspicions to Gerald, who is next for the hot seat. Gerald is confronted on his own honesty, Sheila realises that the inspector knows about each person, this is imprinted on her mind and she confronts Gerald about his own doings with Eva Smith, he admits a relationship only to Sheila expressing no real details, however not with an Eva Smith but instead with a Daisy Renton, the change in name suggests confusion and deliberate separation to attract no links between the very secretive family members. As Gerald's interview begins he again starts the routine where he tries to excuse his rather fragile Sheila. He protests that she must leave, escaping the following disturbing details which are to be revealed by Gerald. This is significant because it continues to show the families rather secretive motives, relating and sharing to nothing with the possibilities of exploitation leading to a public scandal. Gerald says, â€Å"I think Miss Birling ought to be excused any more of this questioning. She's nothing more to tell you†. From this comment he shows to the audience that he is hiding something, which appears to be his affair with the dead girl. The inspector makes a very interesting comment when he says to Gerald, â€Å"And you think young women ought to be protected against unpleasant and disturbing things†, which is closely followed by, â€Å"we know one woman who wasn't†, this comment is an attempt to hit Gerald with guilt in the face, it is yet another revelation from the part of the inspector. The inspector wants Sheila to stay with Gerald throughout his interview, he says, â€Å"She feels responsible. And if she leaves us now, and doesn't hear any more then she'll feel she's entirely to blame†, this quote is significant because it relates to an idea of sharing guilt and not just accepting as a sole being, however in relation to the general world, people are prepared to burden guilt onto a sole being to save themselves from any shame of guilt. As the interview of Gerald continued there were numerous interruptions, possibly planned, possibly coincidental, Mrs Birling made her first appearance who also tries to expel Sheila from the ‘damaging' scenario. Sheila continues to defend her case and manages to stay for the remaining of Gerald's story. There is an element of surprise when the inspector directly asks Gerald when he started seeing Daisy Renton, Gerald plays down the claim by saying, â€Å"where did you get the idea that I know her? † However the inspector continues to say, â€Å"I knew already! â€Å", this tactic used by the inspector is interesting as it shows the ignorance and arrogance of Gerald and Mr. Birling, who are unwilling to take and accept responsibility. The inspector is getting Gerald to reveal and expose his secret life, which prior to this interview no other person was aware of. Gerald reveals that he felt sorry for the girl and he was acting to save her from an atrocious womaniser, surely this shows a caring side to Gerald, yes, this other side to people is significant because it shows that people are made up of a mixture of personalities and characteristics, what would the world be like if we only had one mode? Gerald says, â€Å"We went along to the country hotel, which I knew would be quiet at that time of night† this suggests that he has been there before and possibly has a habit of taking in women for short petty affairs, this in relation to the real world shows how people have secret lives behind the backs of there supposed family. Gerald is exposed almost to be as bad a Muggerty, although he had saved someone from an extreme sexual relationship from an intense womaniser, he himself took advantage of the situation, turning a simple refuge campaign into a secret affair, although he did implement thoughtful and caring measures to make sure that she was well looked after, and free of trouble, you could say he was only helping a weak, vulnerable and deprived person. He said, â€Å"It was inevitable. She was pretty and warm hearted†, Priestly made this idea significant because it shows in relation to the world how people will take advantage of a weak and vulnerable person to benefit themselves in some way, In the era of priestly it was common for high profile men to take advantage of weak lonely women for the sole purpose of making there reiterating lives into something more exciting with a bit more entertainment. Gerald eventually puts into context what he has done and realises that elements were unscrupulous and inappropriate, Gerald explains that the relationship ended a few months after it begun, it was clear to the audience that the affair wouldn't of continued for a long period of time, because back then within the days of Priestly it was totally expelled that only people of the same class could have a relationship, and not a mixture in the case of Gerald and Daisy. In furtherance Gerald offered Daisy money to keep her sustainable and out of trouble, however she refused as she wanted the relationship to be meaningful and representative, she also wanted to take away the idea that Gerald was paying her for her services, this idea is significant because it shows that a proud person does not have to be of a social high class, and instead should be respected whatever there actions or beliefs. Gerald appears to have moved by the story in which he has told, he asks politely to be excused, the inspector allows for this to happen, the upset of Gerald is significant because it shows even a high class man of business with unsympathetic feelings for others in the world can and does feel emotion for tragedy's that occur within the world, I believe that it was the idea of priestly that characteristics must be shown and covered from every angle, in accordance with the main theme of the play which is the expressing of emotions, feeling guilt for the of consequences caused by an unintentional action. Gerald leaves and Mrs Birling now becomes accustom to settling routine of interview. Mrs Birling is very assertive showing that there should be no such suspicion hanging over her. She answers very sharply being very inconsiderate, when the inspector poses a question she immediately without thought gives such an answer which releases no such relevant information. The inspector says, â€Å"You're not telling me the truth! â€Å", which is followed abruptly with the following comment from Mrs Birling, she says, â€Å"I beg your pardon! already just seconds into the interview Mrs Birling and the inspector are having major clashes of personalities, Mrs Birling's attitudes are shown very strongly and she repeatedly makes the point that she has no point to play in this charade. As tension continues to grow, and as the inspector continues to fire questions which antagonise Mrs Birling, Sheila makes a point which brings the family back down to mother earth, she says, â€Å"We've no excuse now for putting on airs and that if we've any sense we won't try†. This allows Mrs Birling to realise that there is no escape as the inspector has already uncovered information from three characters, finally the inspector can resume his questioning to a more subtle level. Priestly made this point significant because it shows how people will act without full information to save themselves from suspicion or scrutinising. Still a little hesitant but more cooperative, Mrs Birling responds to the inspectors questions, it is revealed that she is a volunteer working for women's charity, she says, â€Å"We've done a great deal of useful work in helping deserving cases†. From this the audience starts to understand that she must be very caring, but indeed we are very wrong, our perception of a volunteer would be a caring person, but in the case of Mrs Birling it is non existent, it appears that she only carries out the volunteer work to gain status within her community, showing that she is prepared to be caring and work for free, to serve and aid the needy. Priestly gave the audience this idea because it is very true throughout the world, Mrs Birling represents the snobs of the world who participate in such events which gain them credentials within the community's perceptions. The inspector reveals that Mrs Birling was in fact one of the last people to see the girl before she died, she had appealed for help to the women's organization, however due to Mrs Birling's bitterness and prejudice she influenced the decision that no help would be given, Mrs Birling says, â€Å"I didn't like her manner†, jealousy and prejudice are shown. Priestly made this significant as he showed that a snobbish like person will feel no such remorse for somebody else's misery or wrong doing. In my own personal opinion Mrs Birling is the worst character out of them all, she had the opportunity to help this harmless, vulnerable, friendless, penniless, desperate victim but instead because she was dissatisfied with her initial case she dismissed her and made sure that the other members gave a unanimous vote to refuse help, it should be Mrs Birling who feels the most sympathy, but instead she probably feels the least amount of compassion from the overall spectrum of the Birling family. Tensions continue to rise as Mrs Birling's attitudes towards the inspector change, as she begins again to give responses which suit herself and not that of the inspector. More details are revealed which will eventually link back into the remaining character, Eric. The inspector Wants Mrs Birling to release more information to make her face the consequences of her actions, repeating and exploring the avenues more of the incidents will hopefully help Mrs Birling realise what she has done. The family begin to realise that Eric plays a role in the death of the girl, and his scrutinising will begin shortly, just as Mrs Birling's interview comes to a firm conclusion. The family sit and wait in anticipation for the return of Eric. Priestly made this idea of time significant, because it changes the way that we as the audience interpret the play, somebody who read the play twenty years ago will have different interpretations of the meanings than somebody who reads the play today. Eric enters and is sharply questioned, he enters with a realisation that the inspector knows about his traits, and actions, His realisation that his family are also aware of what he has done creates a rather subdued atmosphere, arguments arise and there is an overall feeling that Eric has committed such an act that jeopardises the family's status. With the family firing questions wanting to know why and what possessed him to do such a thing, the inspector becomes increasingly angry and frustrated. Eric says, â€Å"Could I have a drink first? â€Å", this is answered with a ‘No' from Mr. Birling and a ‘Yes' from the inspector, this conflict of interests between the two is increasingly apparent with a case of rivalry implemented. Is alcohol the answer to all problems? Priestly wanted to show how different people deal with their own problems in there own ways, this varies videly throughout the world. Suspicion and guilt hits Eric straight in the face, He tells of the secret meetings with the girl, and he explained how he made love to her on more than one occasion, it is suggested that himself and Gerald both took advantage of the girl, for her good looks, and her vulnerable position within life. Eric says, â€Å"She told me she was going to have a baby†, Eric then replies with, â€Å"I was in a hell state about it†, this shows that only consequences hit certain people in the face when they are confronted with reality, a baby for Eric created by accident with somebody he didn't love would have catastrophic and disastrous. Priestly wanted to show exactly how some high class families were humiliated back then within his era, when such events occurred it was common that the families would banish the perpetrator, and escape any disgrace from the local community, for the Birling family it would have been cataclysmic if any such news escaped of there corrupt wrong doings, this would have been followed by a public scandal. Eric's integrity is severely questioned by his fathers somewhat raging temper and annoyance. It is revealed that that he stole money from his own family business, as the truth is revealed, it becomes clear that Mr. Birling is more concerned about the money, than the pregnancy of the girl. He says, â€Å"He's admitted he was responsible for the girls condition†, Mr. Birling burdens total blame onto the Eric, as his secret life unfolds, for the position that the girl was left in. Priestly made this idea significant because it shows how people will prioritise things to there own aptitudes and attitudes of life, in the case of a business man (Mr. B) he is putting money and theft before family and pregnancy. This is shown by Mr. Birling when he says, â€Å"I've got to cover this up as soon as I can†. A childhood revolt begins to occur as Sheila continues to blame her mother and father for all of the endeavours committed by the younger generation. Eric blames his mother for the final death of the girl, saying, â€Å"You killed her – she came to you to protect me – and you turned her away†. This idea of a childhood revolt is significant because it shows how disrespect on the child's part occurs within a family, in the time of priestly it was unheard of a child questioning there parents, in the case of the play it was the inspectors job to remove such disrespect. The inspector continues to assert his authority, interrupting and taking charge, He gives a summary of events, hitting each perpetrator directly in the face with guilt and realisation of there true given consequences, he burdens the main blame onto Mr. Birling, who is left with a moment of thinking to reiterate what has just been said, this idea of repeating what has been done is allowing for the family members to understand the extent of there actions, coming to terms with the consequences, realising what they did then was unacceptable and a feeling of guilt should be felt. The interviewing of the family draws to a conclusion, he leaves the family divided, with opinions against each other, they are allowed to reserve judgement and come to terms within there own hemisphere just exactly what they have done. The inspector leaves giving a rather meaningful speech

Laughing man

â€Å"Growing up happens in a heartbeat. One day you're in diapers, the next you're gone. But the memories of childhood stay with you for the long haul † . – from The Wonder Years In other words this quote means that in a blink of an eye you grow up but you will never forget the moments in time that define your life. In the short story The Laughing Man, by J. D. Salinger, the narrator is reminiscing about his childhood and the story his chief told him. Also in the poem Mandarine Oranges, by Katha Pollitt, he character remembers a time in her childhood.In both stories the narrator goes back to a time in there past that they won't forget. in the laughing man, the narrator goes back toa place in his past where he grew up listening to a story from his chief about a child who was kidnapped and turned into a hideous creature. this creature is called the laughing man and if you look at his face you would faint and then die. the mans face had flesh-sealed nostrils and an enormo us oral cavity for a mouth. as the story went on it ended with the laughing an dying and the story was never revisited again. hen the story was over billy walsh the youngest Comanche bursted into tears and the narrator's knees were shaking. when he got off the bus he saw a red piece of tissue paper which reminded him of the man and this broke him down. he then went home and as told to go straight to bed. this story was one of the biggest parts of his childhood. in the poem Mandarine Oranges by Katha Pollitt, the narrator sees a symbol of her childhood while grocery shopping. while shopping the woman sees a can of andarine oranges and it takes her back to her years in high school.He states that she remembers how bored she was and how miserable she was. she says that the mandarine oranges were the schools form of bribery to make her play volleyball and eat lima beans. also she states that she wanted the oranges more then anything ever before because they held the essence of her youth. in both stories the narrators see a symbol that remind them of their past and how fast it has gone. the symbol in the Mandarine Oranges was the can of oranges and in The Laughing Man it was the strip of red tissue paper. he laughing man narrator remembers how great his youth was growing up while the mandarine oranges narrator remembers how horrible hers was and how one thing made it O. K.. in conclusion the two story connect in one way; they both talk about how childhood goes by fast. so cherish the moments you have even if they are bad ones because as you grow up you will realize that your youth has gone by way too fast and the memories you have will be with you forever. laughing man By cschaef

Societal Impact of Nonprofit Organizations Essay

Societal Impact of Nonprofit Organizations - Essay Example This is essential because these people have been sidelined for very long due to their color and backgrounds. Philanthropists are persons who the heart and the will to help the less fortunate in the society. Most of the known philanthropists are known to have a lot of money hence opting to the carry out activities in the society aimed at developing the community. My favorite philanthropist is Ben Carson because of his inspirational teachings and stake in community based projects that he funds in many countries of the world. Nonprofit organizations play vital roles in the societies since they fight for the rights of the minority and the oppressed in the society. In most cases, they focus on provision of basic services to the less fortunate people in the society. These include the poor and the sick in the community. These organizations ensure that these people get proper medical services and food commodities. The level of U.S. exports to Mexico is influenced by factors such as exchange rates and capital flow within the two countries. It is also the affected by comparative advantage of products and prices of U. S. goods relative to other players in the market. Finally, government legislations play key roles in this trade, as well. The level of U.S. imports from Mexico is influenced by factors such as exchange rates and capital flow within the two countries. It is also affected by comparative advantage of products and prices of Mexican goods relative to other players in the market.

People Attitude Toward Death and God in the Holocaust Essay

People Attitude Toward Death and God in the Holocaust - Essay Example Over this issue God is autocratic and no leniency is shown to anyone. The meaning and impact of death needs to be known from the spiritual aspect to understand its implications properly. The greatest 'incarnation' of genocide-evil ever to be born on this Plant Earth, Adolph Hitler-did he not say when he finally realized that suicide was the only alternative for him, "Brutal force has not won anything durable" Death is the ultimate prerogative of the human being. It is the unavoidable inevitability. Let us understand it from the point of view of action-reaction theory. Every action has the reaction and the intensity of the reaction is in proportion to the intensity of the action. Over this no dispute exists between the scientists and the spiritualists. One of the rare agreements between the two contending forces; the two opposing forces; the forces that normally do not see eye to eye with each other! As per this theory, death happens to one individual or one million individuals at a t ime, not without a reason. Death is an act of divine retribution. Suddenness involved in the death, one must admit, is the grace of God! Awaiting death is tortuous and leads to serious psychological maladjustments. During war-time, prisoners of war, and the people live in fear of death. Simon Wiesenthal, in his book, "The Sunflower," describes such a situation thus: "And one piece of bad news followed another, each more alarming than the last. Today's news was worse than yesterday's, and tomorrow's would be worse still."(Wiesenthal, 1998, p. 4) The book by Anna Porter deals with the preventive measures to stall holocaust. Many in Israel were jealous of the honest attempts made by Kasztner to save the lives of Jews from certain death in the concentration camps. The man who accused him was Malchiel Greenwad, He "was a disappointed, angry, toothless old man with a black yarmulke and a small beard; his one ambition had been to become a journalist. ...Few people took Grnwald or his frequent outpourings of hate seriously. He was particularly hysterical in his attacks on the ruling Labor Party..." (Porter, 2007, p.375) Kasztner, who negotiated the deal with the Nazis, knew how tough the job was! Porter writes, "Kasztner looked out the window at the bare, grimy bricks of the courtyard. The sun lit up a corner where someone had hung a small basket of blue flowers, now withered. Perhaps the woman who had tended them had been dragged away to the Srvr prison, or Kistarcsa, or was already on her way to Auschwitz-Birkenau. "Because, Herr Hofrat, it was the best I could do. And we have to supply everything: medicines, baby food, blankets if -- God forbid -- winter comes and we are still waiting [for the war to end]Stern nodded."(Porter, 2007, p.203) Anna's book is about tough negotiations of Kasztner to save the lives of Jews and this aspect needs to be viewed from the point of view of political negotiations, for a great humanitarian cause. How can a 14 year old digest the intricacies of philosophical logic related to death The devastating novel by Imre Kertesz, "Fateless" is about the life in concentration camp, of Gyorgy Koves, a Hungarian Jew .He writes, " At the destination station under his feet was

The Mini (car) between 1998 and 2015 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Mini (car) between 1998 and 2015 - Assignment Example On the other hand, many spare parts from the past are still useable in the present. For example, engine mounting has remained the same over the years. This is why the mini is one of the most economic cars of today’s age. The company producing minis was in the year 2000 bought by BMW a renowned high quality and class brand of car production. BMW bought the mini car production from the Rover group that was the original production company. BMW introduced the Mini Cooper in place for the mini cars. The key terms employed in 1998 and before to market the mini cars included low mileage, price friendly and uniquely styled (Thoms 1998). Today’s keywords for mini cars have drawn more attention they include; well-known brand, competitive model, iconic, powerful, hybrid, environmental friendly, laudable and so on. Semantics is the study of what words meanwhile inference involves what one draws from and the conclusions made. The wording used today mean that people are more interested in the brands of the cars than the prices. The conclusion made is that, although pricing is an important factor, more importance is drawn from the status the mini cooper brings. The social contexts of mini car advertisements greatly influence consumer market. They draw the line in most cases of who can fit in to purchase the car and who is the potential buyer. Car modeling defines the use of a car. Through the ads, the mini car’s function is highly emphasized. Whether it is a leisure car or a daily use car. The terms illustrated above to advertise mini coopers today, clearly identify mini coopers as vehicles that are growing in class and even in use. The target market has changed from the lower middle class to upper middle class and first class socially. The competitive nature of the advertisements is just attractive to bring in a more consumer-ready market. Words like powerful, iconic, hybrid and so on are associated with the brands.

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Responses - Essay Example author feels that following the earthquake and tsunami damages on the nuclear plants in Japan, there has been power deficit of about 1.1 to 1.3 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day experienced in the country (243-245). The author is of the opinion that the tsunami and the earthquake attacks were immense on the Fukushima but still, there was no big impact on humans and the environment. He therefore feels that nuclear energy is the best form of energy. However, I think the damage was less because the power station was a long way from the epicenter and it was also well away from major population centers. Moreover, the population stayed calm and the wind blew across the Pacific during the worst radiation leaks implying that the author may be dishonest about the risks. According to Johnson, David Brooks explains how business genius George Mitchell fought against all odds and opposition to extract natural gas from shale through the method called fracking (238). Shale gas currently plays a major role in the American natural gas supplies. Fracking mechanism tends to change the energy marketplace because it results into cleaner and cheaper energy source. The author further asserts that the evolution of shale gas has created more than half a million jobs by making companies that rely heavily on natural gas such as Dow Chemical to invest in the U.S instead of abroad. He believes that shale gas has reduced fuel prices and eventually electricity prices and reduced reliant on foreign suppliers. Brooks seem to support fracking by highlighting several benefits accrued from it but I do not think that it is the clean energy America and the world needs. My understanding for the source of energy and clean energy has not changed Jonathan Facelli adds on the voice of the national political agenda of â€Å"energy independence† that was evident in 2008 and attempts to give solution to the way independence can be achieved (Johnson 256). He does not seem to concur with politicians

Littleton Manufacturing (A) Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Littleton Manufacturing (A) - Case Study Example Winslow identified that the company did not: Strategy is an important tool in the input parts any open systems framework. The management of Littleton lacked the expertise to draw the best strategy for the company that could help solve the above issues. The paper shall consider the top three problems the company faced (Whiteside, 2001). Low organizational unity. Such unity is important in improving the organization’s effectiveness. Additionally, the management could find it easy to solve the problem. It is a short time process. Solving this problem will affect positively the stakeholders’ interests (Whiteside, 2001). The stakeholders of Littleton are not focusing on the company’s priorities. It is evident the company failed due to lack of commitment from the stakeholders. The company has enough resources to address the problem. Additionally, the management had adequate information about the problem, hence easy to address (Whiteside,

Extreme Situation Recorded under Status Epilepticus Case Study - 4

Extreme Situation Recorded under Status Epilepticus - Case Study Example The patient named Master Bradley Jackson was a five-year-old boy admitted to the hospital for a detailed investigation for seizures. The child was diagnosed with several tonic-clonic types of seizures majorly on the left side of the body. The patient recorded failure of consciousness and occasional situations of incontinence in his medical history during the last four months owing to seizures. The recordings on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) did not reveal any sign of recovery from his previous state. The patient was also recorded with a series of seizure episodes that lasted for 1.5 minutes each even after being treated with benzodiazepine midazolam. However, his situation got stable after the stabilizing procedure followed in the intensive care unit. After the patient got stabilized, he was shifted to the pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) and finally to the neurological department where he is being treated presently. In this regard, the case is selected for its criticality. Additionally, the case aids nurses in having a better understanding about critical assessments as well as diagnostics conducted in relation to epilepsy. Tonic-clonic is a type of seizure that covers up the entire brain and affects several operations performed by the brain. The CT scan of the patient had detected hardly any abnormalities. This can be possible as the recurrent occurrences of seizures can be indicative of the presence of certain ‘microscopic or macroscopic’ brain lesion. Conversely, this lesion cannot be identifiable by any pathological or biochemical abnormalities (Garcia & Strub, 2011). Thus, further tests should be performed in order to locate any minor injuries in the brain and also diagnose the microscopic presence of the injury in the nerve cells. The benzodiazepine midazolam is one of the best medications and most effective procedure for the treatment of seizures in children. The midazolam group of benzodiazepine is observed to be best suited for providing first aid to the child at the time of severe convulsion.

Comparative Analysis of Slavery by Stanley Elkins and Ordeal by Fire Research Paper

Comparative Analysis of Slavery by Stanley Elkins and Ordeal by Fire by James McPherson - Research Paper Example The difference in skin colour made a total difference in the perception of humanity that led to different treatment towards different people depending on their skin colour. Slave trade became a common phenomenon in America in the early 18th century with the onset of agricultural developments and the industrial revolution. However, slavery in America can be traced back to the 16th century when the first slaves entered America, twenty of them, all blacks from the African continent. These were brought into America as permanently indentured servants leading to more Negros and Caucasians moving into America as permanently indentured servants. Slavery, later on, grew in the southern agriculture where three types of crops were grown: tobacco, rice and indigo as a means of providing cheap untrained labor (McPherson, 1982). The farm owners who grew indigo felt devastated with the smell that was associated with it and did not want to touch it hence the need to have the African slaves to work o n the production as they concentrated on the sales and the keeping of the income that was accrued from the enterprise. Two American writers Stanley Elkins and James McPherson became so bold to address the evil that was being meted out on humanity by their fellow humans. In a bid to advocate for the abolition of the vice, these writers sternly criticized the trade of slaves in America and pointed out the need to set them free as they held to the fact that all men were created equal and that the slave trade was an embarrassment to the American continent. McPherson notes that at the onset of slavery in North America, slaves rarely worked on farms since most northerners only owned subsistence farms, slaves were therefore used as cooks, butlers, and house cleaners. These were more of light chores that did not humiliate the slaves. However, the dawn of agriculture-shifted things all together and the normal manual household chores were replaced with the forced farm labour. This left the sl aves with no choice other than to admit and be receptive to the prevailing shift in working conditions. Macpherson’s protest began at the point when forced labour was entitled to the slave immigrants. Arising from this, he launched a campaign for the slaves’ freedom. He argues, â€Å"The industrial revolution's new inventions made northern slave labour uneconomical. Free labour replaced slavery in most northern states except for the border state of Delaware. Free labour emphasized the right of each individual to "sell" his labour to the highest bidder† (McPherson, 1982). Thus, the sale of men in the American markets like goods moved McPherson to challenge the ethical implications of this. This according to him was a complete disregard of the human nature by her fellow humans, to sell a person as a good in the market was an abuse to human nature â€Å"when the southwest opened up new cotton lands, after depleting the upper south's soils, the slave population aga in increased. Upper south whites bred slaves for sale in the lower south† (McPherson, 1982)

Journals for as I Lay Dying Essay Example for Free

Journals for as I Lay Dying Essay Most authors give small details throughout the novel of where and when a story takes place, and the reader must piece the bits together. As I lay dying is no exception and like any other book gives many examples of setting. First off you can tell that the story takes place many years ago through simple statements given throughout the novel. For example, when it says that all of the women inside of the house had to use fans to cool themselves it suggests that air conditioning was not around yet, therefore it was an earlier time. (Page 81) Also throughout the entire beginning of the novel Cash’s only tools for building Addie’s coffin are a saw and hammer, there is no mention of any newer power tools. Then when Anse is talking to some of the other men about transporting Addie’s coffin a character mentions that the bridge was built back when his first child was born in 1988. (83) Also on page 83 when the flooding of said bridge is noted someone comments on how they had to float their horses across the water to get to Anse’s house. This shows that the novel took place many years ago in the late 1800’s when people relied on horses to get around. Also whenever anyone mentions transportation they talk about their wagons aka: They travel in wagons because cars do not exist yet. The final piece of evidence which shows the story took place some time back is when Cash is finally finishing Addie’s coffin at night in the pouring rain and he has to use a lantern to see in the dark. (Page 57) It shows that this novel took place before flashlights were around because Cash had to give up his raincoat to keep the lantern dry and lit whereas if this had taken place at a more current time he would have used a flashlight and kept himself dry. The time frame which this story takes place stays consist but the place changes as the novel progresses. In the beginning we learn that the Bundruns house sits alone right in front of a road (page 35) Then later when doctor Peabody comes to visit we learn that they live atop a mountain (page 41) Another thing noted is that the Bundruns own a good amount of property for their limited funds and th ey own their own barn house as well. (Page 38). Later the story takes place on the road as the Bundruns make their way towards Jefferson. One of the many examples of this is on page 156 when Anse mentions the slippery dirt road and the difficulties it might pose for the remainder of their travel. Journal 2 and 3: mother is a fish tools=cash Addie=coffin Anse unable to smooth blankets page 51 jewls mother is a horse and is what was 95 The fish plays a symbolic role in helping Vardaman understand death. â€Å"It was not her because it was laying right yonder in the dirt. And now it’s all chopped up. I chopped it up. It’s laying in the kitchen in the bleeding pan, waiting to be cooked and ate. Then it wasn’t and she was, and now it is and she wasn’t† (66-67). This was Vardamans childlike explanation for his mother’s death. This quote conveys how the fish was a fish lying in the dirt, now it is no longer a fish because it no longer has a body. Similarly when Addie is laid to rest in her coffin her body will be no more. By his mother dying if â€Å"Cash nails the box up†, his mother will no longer be his mother (66).Addie â€Å"was† a fish rather than â€Å"is† a fish. The fish symbolizes Addie’s death to Vardaman in a sense that physical being conveys existence. Throughout the beginning sections of the novel, Cash has always been described as sawing or hammering. The tools eventually start to represent Cash himself. In fact before anyone even see’s Cash the sawing and the hammering of his tools are heard first. Cash is very stable and persistent just like his tools. While Cash was constructing the coffin with his tools even when it began to rain, Cash continued to work. â€Å"Cash works on†¦dynamic immobility above his tireless elbow†¦It begins to rain†¦in an instant Cash is wet to the skin. Yet the motion of the saw has not faltered, as though it and the arm functioned in tranquil conviction that the rain was an illusion of the mind† (77). By having the saw not falter, Cash’s steady, stable character is portrayed He is the level headed and most sane of all of the Bundruns. The tools themselves represented Cashs true identity. If the tools were lost or not beside him he felt lost. When hes not safely with his tools he loses his sanity. New teeth symbolize Anse’s selfishness. Even while everyone is gathered around his wife’s death bed, he can only think about getting ahold of new teeth.† God’s will be done,† he says, â€Å"Now I can get them teeth† (52). Anse displays selfishness by his bluntness. He simply states what’s done is done and then focuses on himself. He is constantly putting the needs, and desires of his children aside and focusing on his own wants. Even Dewy Dells abortion is second to him. Anse’s only life goal/motive throughout the novel is to get a pair of new teeth, even his goal to bury his own wife where he promised comes in second to getting his new teeth. He only wishes to bury Addie in Jefferson out of his own selfish reasons. The teeth represent his selfishness because at any time when everyone else is worried about Addie, he is not; he is off thinking about new teeth. He does not even come across remotely upset at losing his wife instead he fantasizes about teeth. Jewels relationship with his horse represents his relationship with his mother. Darl makes fun of Jewel and says his mother is a horse, suggesting that what Jewel feels for the horse is what he feels for his mother.(page 51) Jewel does act violently toward his horse, but it should be noted that Jewl’s character is one of violence. Jewel was born as the result of violence because of what Addie wanted from preacher Whitfield. Jewel’s monologues show the violent images in his mind. He has a stronger personality than any of the other Bundruns and people seem to fear him. He even expresses his love for Addie through Violence when He stands on high hill and throws rocks at people down below. It is also important to remember that it is Jewel who violently and single-handedly saves Addie from the river and the fire.(page 203) These acts show his love for his mother. Even though at times it is hard to believe he ever had love for his mother, like when he refuses to say goodbye to her when he knows it is the last time her will ever see her. He simply can’t express his emotions except in symbols of violence, and the intense loving; violent relationship with the horse is what provides insight into his character. Therefore his horse symbolizes the love he has for his mother and suggests the violent circumstances of his birth. Addie’s coffin comes to represent the familys dysfunction. Cash is obsessed with getting the measurements right, yet the coffin remains unbalanced. Likewise all of the Bundruns themselves are unbalanced. Addie wants a coffin sturdy enough to insure her body gets to Jefferson, the city she has demanded she be buried in. Addies demand is selfish and she does not care for how much trouble it will cause her family. Cash breaks his leg when he goes after the coffin in the river and suffers untold pain. The youngest child Vardaman drills holes into the coffin accidentally drilling two holes into his mothers face because he thinks she can’t breathe. (page 71) After eight days, the odor emanating from the coffin is putrid. It is almost as if the coffin is a jinx.(page 239) The coffin begins to symbolize the family’s dysfunction because all of the unlucky and tragic things that occur to the Bundruns surround the coffin. Burying the coffin symbolizes the return to normalcy. Although the Bundruns version normalcy is sending Darl off to a mental institution and finding a new Mrs. Bundren. One important and symbolic event is when Addie was nearing her death and Anse is unable to smooth the blankets over her on page 51. This shows just how much their marriage had collapsed and how little they cared for each other. Anse has no true love for his wife in his heart, therefore caring acts such as smoothing her blankets while she is on her deathbed do not come naturally to him. Addie has no love for Anse either and she only glares at Anse as he attempts to smooth her blankets. She does not want his touch or him in the room even. Also in this scene when Addie finally passes Dewey Dell reacts emotionally and throws herself on her mother and Vardiman and Cash both react with some sadness as well. While Anse’s thoughts still seem to be stuck on teeth, he does not even comment further on his wife’s death he only tells Dewey Dell to go along and make supper and goes to once again awkwardly cover Addie with a blanket and try to smooth it. Journal 4: figurative language William Faulkner has a different writing style than most other authors, even his use of figurative language is one of his own. Something that stands out about his use of figurative language is that nine times out of ten he uses it to describe nature. For example, Faulkner uses a simile to show that an entire day has passed in only 1  ½ pages. He uses the position of the sun to show that it is already evening. â€Å"The sun, an hour above the horizon, is poised like a bloody egg upon a crest of thunderheads.† (page 39) Another thing one might notice about Faulkner’s technique is that he tends to compare people, objects, or characteristics with animals. One example of this is when Faulkner compares Anse to a rooster. â€Å"His hair was pushed back and matted up on his head like a dipped rooster†. (pg. 43) This was when Addie was very near to death and many neighbors were visiting her on her deathbed. Anse is outside on the porch standing alone, and zoned out in his own world. Faulkner uses this simile to show just how much Addie’s sickness/almost death has affected Anse. The reader gets the image of just how much stress Anse has been put under. (Although his anxiousness probably has a little more to do with getting new teeth than Addie) Another simile in As I Lay Dying is when the women’s chatting coming from inside the house is compared to the buzzing of bees. â€Å"The women’s talking was buzzing like bees in a bucket from inside the house.† (pg. 81) The author is comparing the women’s talking to bee’s to show how much more frantically and quickly they are chatting and gossiping as opposed to the men’s calmer, slower, and more series conversation. Journal 8: In its broadest terms, the structure of As I Lay Dying revolves around the preparations for and the actual journey from the Bundren farm to a town forty miles away in order t o bury Addie Bundren. Also, like most novels during the journey, several conflicts arise and the Bundruns must solve through them. So, in one sense, the novel has a linear structure based upon their traveling 40 miles from their mountain home to Jefferson to fulfill Addie’s dying wish, but the novel is also structured in such a way that the author has virtually removed himself from the story and it is the characters telling the story. There are exactly fifty-nine chapters in the novel and each is narrated by a character Faulkner accomplishes many things through his unique use of structure. For one thing he forces the reader to submerge themselves in the story. Because he has removed himself as a narrator there is no one straight point of view to explain events or ideas and the reader has to compare the different opinions and differing viewpoints from all of the characters and determine for themselves the significance of a particular event. Another thing different about his technique is that it allows us to see the inner thoughts of ALL the characters rather than just one main characters. We see into the mind of each character directly and must analyze what we find there. He does not give any background information on any of his characters; instead the reader must examine characters inner thoughts and on their own determine what type of characters they are. Along with this we are able to see each event from many different perspectives. With multiple narrations the reader can see each event from all of the differing viewpoints and observe how each character saw it and their own opinion on it. Because of this ,we learn more about the character. His unique style lets the reader become a part of the novel by drawing them in more and forcing them to piece together their own idea of what each characters personality is like. Another interesting thing about Faulkner’s style is that he is careful to include outside narrators to remind the reader that the Bundruns are not typical people. For example, all of the other characters find it absurd that Anse is going to drag his wife’s dead body such a long distance and they find it disrespectful to her spirit for him not to bury her as soon and as conveniently as possible. If the story were confined to only the Bundruns points of view, the reader would not realize that this dead body stinks so badly and that the Bundruns are violating basic morals by transporting the body such a long distance. The outside narrators give the novel a sense of the real world. In conclusion the book does have a central problem involving Addies request to be buried and her family determination to fulfill it, and then the structure of the novel forces the reader to solve these problems for themselves by analyzing each character. Journal 9 and 10: key passages â€Å"He did not know that he was dead. (P. 173) After Addie gave birth to Cash, she closed herself off to Anse. To Addie, her husband Anse was dead. This is apparent even in the beginning of the novel because one can sense the barrier between Addie and Anse. Addie has no interest in anything Anse says and does not even wish to see him in her final hours. Anse on the other hand does not even care about his wife’s death because he is preoccupied with getting new teeth. After Addie gave birth to Cash she starts to feel like Anse has taken her identity away from her, and that now she cannot be her own person because she is forced to be part of a family. She resents Anse for this. She also resents the attachment of being part of a family. This is why she feels like her aloneness has been violated. This is also the reason for Addie’s affair with Whitfield – to rebel against her role in the family. It is her own personal revenge against Anse. The product was Jewel. She then begins to share a special connection with Jewl. Darl and Cash belonged to Anse and she never really wanted them. Having them in the first place was really just about her duty as a wife. But Anse isn’t Jewel’s father; therefore, Jewel is Addie’s and only Addie’s. To her, Jewl is living proof that she was able to break out of her position as the wife and act as an independent person. Sometimes I think it aint none of us pure crazy and aint none of us pure sane until the balance of us talks him that-a-way. It’s like it aint so much what a fellow does, but it’s the way the majority of folks is looking at him when he does it. Page 248 This is said from Cash’s point of view, and is his opinion on whether or not Darl is Insane. Cash starts to contemplate what IS sanity exactly? Who is to determine what is and isn’t sane, what if what others might consider insanity is really just Darls refusal to conform to the social norms? When you consider all of the misery the Bundruns mission to bury Addie has created from beginning to end you may start to think that maybe Darl is not insane. The entire bunch of the Bundruns were crazy, abnormal and could in someone else’s opinion be considered insane. Jewl is unnecessarily violent, Dewy Dell is a whore, Anse is incredibly selfish, and even little Vardamin is out of sorts. Cash notes that maybe Darl is the only one declared insane because the rest of his family’s opinions outnumber his. This goes all the way back to the very beginning of the family’s dysfunctions starting with when Anse’s marriage with Addie fell apart and then Addie’s health failed. Throughout the entire book the Bundruns seem to have trouble getting along until finally the coffin is buried and they seem to return to their version of normal. Journals 5 and 6 One of the most obvious rhetoric techniques Faulkner uses is his writing style. It is written as a stream of consciousness, and it is so skillfully done that it adds depth to the novel. As I lay dying is told from multiple perspectives, and each chapter is narrated by a different character. Faulkners virtuosity is seen by the way he adjusts his style to fit the mind of each individual narrator. The reader is given more detail for each event because they are able to view the event from multiple perspectives. Faulkner has very skillfully imitated the way the human brain processes images and puts them into words. The reader is really placed inside the various characters heads. This rhetoric technique lets the reader experience the book as if they are omnisciently viewing the events themselves. Faulkner uses a lot of repetition in As I Lay dying to get certain points across.

Ground Water in Dhaka City Essay Example for Free

Ground Water in Dhaka City Essay Dhaka is the capital city of Bangladesh which has a population of about 12. 5 millions and its population rate is over 5%. Projected population is about 22 million by 2025. Dhaka is now the 7th largest populated city in the world and it is anticipated that Dhaka will be the 2nd largest city in the world by 2020. This city is full of problem and one of the major problems is water crisis. Although Bangladesh is rich in water resource, but there remains lack of safe water. The cities in Bangladesh are the centre of employment, communications and development. So, people are rapidly migrating in these cities from rural areas place putting additional pressure on the infrastructure and water resources. For this huge population in Dhaka city, water demand is also huge. And maximum portion of this greater demand is fulfilled by ground water. The daily requirement of water in Dhaka city is about 200 crore liters while WASA supplies 180 crore liters, leaving a shortage of 20 crore liters. Out of this 180 crore liters of water, 154. 50 crore liters of water are supplied from ground water. All most 85%-87% of water is supplied from under the ground and of them are from surface water. To supply this massive amount of water we need to extract a lot from the ground. Everyday demand for water is increasing and we are adding new pumps. In 1998, there were only 243 water pumps to lift water in 2004 it was 440 but now it is 560. Each of the pumps lifts 3,000 liters of water in a minute. And this is also making some problems. For this heavy extraction water level is going down rapidly. In some statistics I have found that the level of underground water has dropped down to 61. 18 meters. The average rate of decline of water level varied from 1 m to 2. 50 as the report of DWDB. Ground water depletion situation is severe in the central part of the city compare to the areas close to river bank, says DWDB. If this continue to happen then in future it will be hard to lift up underground water. Moreover, the increasing number of pumps and subsequent depletion of groundwater table increases the risk of disasters like landslide, subsidence and earthquake.

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay

An Aspects Of Discharge Planning Nursing Essay This assignment looks at the communication strategies to support and empower the patient living with COPD, a Long Term Condition and their Significant Others when planning their discharge from hospital. This is based on Mr Smiths scenario, a 78 years old man who suffers from advanced chronic obstructive airways disease. It will open with the definition of the keywords of the assignment. It will examine the characteristics of COPD at end of stage in the first section, because this is what Mr Smith suffers from and will therefore determine the discharge package of care to be used for him. The second section will look at the discharge plan and the team to be involved in the discharge process and their role. Finally it will look at the importance of communication when planning discharge and the communication strategies to be utilised for Mr Smith. As a matter of fact, Mr Smith suffers from COPD, which describes the obstruction of airflow caused by chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or both. It is called chronic because it is persistent, and pulmonary because it affects lungs. Bronchitisis about the inflammation of the airways of the lung, while emphysema is the damage which affects the smaller airways and air sacs of the lungs. He has suffered from serious exacerbations as his conditions has been worsening beyond normal day-to-day variations and is acute, with symptoms such as worsening breathlessness,  cough, increased sputum coloured production. He is now classed as having end of stage COPD. Even though there is no accepted definition for end of stage COPD (Siafakas, 2006), the term end of stage gives the idea of the last step in the course of a progressive disease. NICE (2010) classifies COPD into four stages, Mild (stage I), moderate (stage 2), severe (stage 3) and very severe (stage 4). According to Leader (2012), end stage COPD refers to last stages of the disease. According to Global Initiative for Chronic  Obstructive Lung Disease  (2010), very severe COPD would have the following chronic symptoms: cough with a lot of mucus, severe breathlessness, loss of weight, skin colour becoming blue, edema attacking the legs and feet, Life-threatening COPD flare-ups and Lung malfunction. At this point, it should be kept in mind that Mr Smith is the first person to be involved in this discharge planning as his preferences must be considered in the process. He has to be empowered to take responsibility of his own care. It is part of the NMC (2008) policy that nurses have to listen to people in their care and respond to their needs and preferences, and get informed consent if required. Mr Smiths family members should also be involved as they are the ones to be with him at home. They can inform the discharger of their availability, willingness, strength and limitations. Involving patients and carers in the discharge planning process is actually one of the requirements of the Department of Health (2010). The discharge planning will therefore start with an assessment through spirometry tests of Mr Smiths condition looking into his complete medical history. The care providers should find out how much air Mr Smiths lungs can blow in and out. It is known that Mr Smith was previously admitted to the hospital for exacerbations. This means that a serious assessment of his respiration system should be done; with a look at the level of dyspnea. The discharge is based on his request, which means that he should be involved in the process. The condition of Mr Smiths daily activity can be thought to be difficult, because his medical history shows that his condition worsened and his house had to be amended to accommodate his needs, and that he now lives in his front room downstairs and has access to the toilet down stairs as well his kitchen/dining area. This means that Mr Smiths coping skills are very limited. Mr Smith should also be assessed for cardio vascular and other chest diseases and psychological effects caused by COPD. Mr Smith therefore appears to have functional problems as his exertion is very limited which affects his activity of daily living. So his discharge planning should include assessment of functional abilities to determine his ability to be independent in the future and the possibility of exercising. This assessment will help to determine whether he needs treatment for pulmonary rehabilitation and how strong and flexible he can be. This helps to assign the right job to physiotherapists. Several interventions have to be done in order to reduce risk factors (NICE, 2010). Donna and Goodridge (2006) has described a number of symptom burden for end of stage COPD patients: dyspnea, breathlessness with discomfort; burden of fatigue and sleep disturbances, which has impact on functional limitations of daily activities such as self care, household chores, and leisure activities. (Elkington et al 2005); feeling of social isolation and loneliness, depression and anxiety, (Lacasse, 2001), panic, fear, and frustration. Tranmer et al (2004) goes a step further to add feelings of worry, sadness, nervousness, irritability, and concentration difficulty. Finally the needs of the patients family should be taken into consideration, because they are the people to stay with the patient at home, and are therefore the patients advocates, companions, personal caregivers, and surrogate decision-makers (Selecky, 2005) Given the services to be involved in Mr Smiths discharge planning, one can correctly identify the process as a complex discharge planning as it involves multidisciplinary care planning and ongoing care. Actually, this discharge plan calls for a multidisciplinary team of professionals as suggested in NICE (2007). Even though the patient remains under the care of the hospital consultants while making the GP aware of the home care, this team of professionals will work with referrals coming from secondary care in order to care for Mr Smith at home. A respiratory nurse specialist will set and implement the care in order to improve Mr Smiths respiration. This will help to reduce any anxiety and fear. The in-reach nurse will educate, support and advise the different parties mainly patients, his relatives and staff and assess the various devices to be used as well as organise the followup and other referrals to competent departments and services (spirometry, chest checkup à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). Physiotherapists will help with exacerbation at home to clear secretions and provide chest physiotherapy at home as well as advise the patient on breathing pattern and exercises that might help Mr Smiths mobility problems. However a proper training is required for nurses, because there appears to be a limitation in their knowledge and the way to deal with end of stage COPD patients. (Disler and Jones, 2010) The palliative care for Mr Smith should be based on the above symptoms associated with advanced COPD. Oxygen therapy will be needed, because COPD patients usually become hypoxaemia with the progression of the diseases. This is not a curative treatment, but it helps relieve the symptoms of breathlessness. However it has been observed that caution should be taken for the respiratory drive not to be suppressed by a lack of control. Here one has to distinguish between long term oxygen therapy which takes around 15 hours a day and short term therapy for other patients.   Given that Mr Smith has suffered from serious exacerbation, there is a need for Oxygen therapy, and a respiratory specialist should be assigned to control the use of oxygen. Since Mr Smith will be going home, and his need of oxygen is great an oxygen concentrator with a back up supply of oxygen cylinder could be a better alternative. A proper training for its use must be given to his careers. There would also be a need to include steroid tablets such as prednisolone in his treatment in order to reduce the extra inflammation in the airways. This can be taken once a day for 5 to 14 days. Dyspnea can be treated with the use of opioids which improves breathlessness. (Jennings et al, 2002) A 20mg dose of oral morphine a day also would be helpful (Abernethy et al, 2003). Airway Clearance Devices can also be prescribed in case Mr Smith has problems to clear secretions and mucus. High-frequency chest wall oscillation, or a  ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡utter valve can be used with a positive expiratory pressure of about 6-20 cm H2 O (Ambrosino et al, 1995). Mr Smith should also be considered to receive treatment for psychological effects, as these have been observed in patients with advanced COPD because of the poor quality of life. Patients suffers from anxiety and depression due to dyspnoea (Bailey 2004), and this is said to be in the proportion of up to 90 %. (Kunik et al 2005; Norwood 2006). In this case, consideration would be given to antidepressants such as benzodiazepines, paroxetine and sertraline which have proven effective for anxiety and depression (Lacasse et al 2004). As NICE (2010) recommends, this treatment should be supplemented by spending time with the patient to explain why all this is happening and how it can be treated. This calls for the importance of good communication. A check up is also necessary to find out if Mr Smith is coughing, in which case Morphine and codeine could be prescribed. COPD patients also feel pain in the chest, which can have a musculoskeletal or pleuropulmonary origin (Leach 2005), in which case some analgesic drugs proposed by the WHO, can be used, mainly non opioids such as paracetamol and NSAIDs; weak opioids such as codeine and tramadol and strong opioids. But in case of infections, consideration should be given to antibiotics. At this point, Mr Smith and his family should be educated in the way medications should be taken to avoid nonadherence to the medical plan. By Adherence, one should understand an active, voluntary, and collaborative involvement of the patient in a mutually acceptable course of behavior to produce a therapeutic result. (Delamater, 2006). This calls for a clear understanding by Mr Smith of his condition (Johnson G, et al, 2005) and fitting the medication regime to his daily routine (Ryan and Wagner, 2003). This can be done if there is good communication. Communication should be understood as a process of conveying information and thoughts between different people, using written or spoken language and body language. Several scholars have found that communication is paramount to deliver good healthcare (Buckley, 2008), because both the patient and the healthcare provider enter into an emotional relationship. (Wittenberg-Lyles et al., 2008). It has also been observed that patients have a great need of information about their condition and that inadequacy of communication in healthcare would prevent good provision of care for people at the end of life. (Curtis et al, 2005). Actually while planning for communication, one can also include Advance Directives in the form of living will or proxy while Mr Smith is still stable in order for him to have a voice in his last wishes. Communication should be part of all those concerned with the discharge planning for a better understanding of who would be doing what, and this meets the NMC (2008) requirement to share information with colleagues so working as a team The nurse has therefore to avoid to create a communication gap with the patient, and other professionals, or say any misunderstanding in what they are talking about. It should be kept in mind that open communication is likely to empower the patient to have more hope and so dispel any fear they have (Davidson and Simpson, 2006). With such a view in mind, communication with the patient would help to share hope and prepare for death, or in Back et al (2003)s terms to hope for the best and prepare for the worst, and discussion of questions related to worries, concerns for the future, hope (Braun et al 2007) as well as information related to the outcomes of different treatments with survival chances given with honesty (Fried et al 2002) Empathy should be among the strategies while interacting with the patient, and the nurse has to devote more time to listen to the patient. (Edwards et al, 2006). Actually nurses need more training in the field of communication for patients at end of stage as correctly mentioned by Davidson et al, 2002. To conclude, it can be said that Mr Smiths discharge plan is a complex plan with a multidisciplinary professionals involved. The plan starts with an assessment of Mr Smith condition and moves to focus on providing education and reinforcement of the medical plan. The medical plan includes pharmacological details describing medications intended to alleviate Mr Smiths symptoms of severe COPD, as well as non- pharmacological ones related to the devices to use and control of adherence and coping skills of Mr Smith. The pharmacological part should include medication to do with COPD and the psychological effects produced. A nutritional assessment is also necessary. Among the treatment, aspects of pulmonary rehabilitation, exercising, community resources should be included. Communication should be a key issue not only between the professionals and mr Smith, but also between the professionals themselves for the good of the patient. All these aspects call for a better training for nurses, as a t present literature reveals that nurses express limited confidence in their knowledge and how to deal with aptients at end of stage COPD.